الوسم: clauses

التصنيفات
اللغة الانجليزية - اللغة الفرنسية - اللغة الاسبانية - اللغة الصينية

Using Adverb clauses ♥♥♥

خليجية

Using Adverb clauses to show time relationships
استخدام أشبه الجمل الزمنية و علاقتها بأزمنة الفعل

1-Afterbefore:
إذا كانت محتواه في أشباه الجمل الزمنية نستخدم الحاضر و ليس المستقبل
من الخطأ القول
Wrong = I will leave before he will come.
و الصحيح القول
Correct = I will leave before he comes.

2-When:

عندما

تستخدم مع الحاضر و الماضي على السواء و تفترض وجود فعلين في الجملة
-I saw him when he arrived.
-When I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
-When I got there, he had already left.
-When it began to rain, I stood under a tree.
-When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.

3-while/as:

بينما

تستخدم مع الماضي المستمر للإشارة إلى استمرارية الفعل عند حدوث فعل آخر
-While I was walking home, it began to rain.
-As I was walking home, it began to rain.
-While he was playing, he broke his leg.
-As he was playing, he broke his leg.

4-By the time:

في الوقت الذي

تستخدم مع الفعل الذي أنجز قبل أن يحدث الفعل الآخر سواءً مع الحاضر أو الماضي
-By the time he arrived, we had already left.
-By the time he comes, we will already have left.
-By the time he finishes his work, I will call him.

5-Since:

منذ

تستخدم للإشارة إلى زمن حدوث الفعل من الماضي و حتى الحاضر. و تستخدم حصراً مع الماضي التام
-She hasn’t visited us since last spring.
-I haven’t seen him since he left this morning.

6-Untiltill:

حتى

تستخدم للإشارة إلى مدة من الزمن من الماضي و حتى الحاضر
-We stayed there until we finished our work.
-We stayed there till we finished our work.

7-As soon asonce:

حالما – عندما

تستخدم للإشارة إلى فعل سيحدث بعد فعل آخر
-As soon as it stops raining, we will leave.
-Once it stops raining, we will leave.

8-As long asso long as:

طالما

تستخدم للإشارة إلى مدة من الزمن من بدايتها و حتى نهايتها و تفترض وجود فعلين متلازمين
-I will never speak to him again as long as I live.
-I will never speak to him again so long as I live.

9-Wheneverevery time:

كلما – كل مرة

و تشير إلى عادة أو تقليد
-Whenever I see her, I say hello.
-Every time I see her, I say hello.
-Whenever I visit him, he is busy.

10-The (first – second – third – last – next) time:

تستخدم لتقديم أشباه الجمل الظرفية

-The first time I went to New York, I went to an opera.
-I saw two plays the last time I went to New York.
-The next time I go to New York, I’m going to see a ballet.
-He was sick the last time I saw him.
-The next time we play, we will win.

م/ن

خليجية

خليجية

التصنيفات
اللغة الانجليزية - اللغة الفرنسية - اللغة الاسبانية - اللغة الصينية

،’، Relative clauses – defining relative clauses ،’،

Relative clauses – defining relative clauses

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types – defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.

Defining relative clauses

Look at this sentence:

  • The woman who lives next door works in a bank.
‘who lives next door’ is a defining relative clause. It tells us which woman we are talking about.

Look at some more examples:

  • Look out! There’s the dog that bit my brother.
  • The film that we saw last week was awful.
  • This is the skirt I bought in the sales.
Can you identify the defining relative clauses? They tell us which dog, which film and which skirt we are talking about.

Relative pronouns

Relative clauses are often introduced by a relative pronoun (usually who, which, that, but when, where and whose are also possible)

With defining relative clauses we can use who or that to talk about people.

  • She’s the woman who cuts my hair.
  • She’s the woman that cuts my hair.
And we can use that or which to talk about things.
  • The dog that bit my brother.
  • The dog which bit my brother.
It is also sometimes possible to omit the relative pronoun.
  • This is the skirt that I bought in the sales.
  • This is the skirt which I bought in the sales.
  • This is the skirt I bought in the sales.
In this sentence ‘skirt’ is the of the verb (buy). ‘I’ is the subject. When the relative pronoun is the , it can be omitted.
  • The film we saw last week was awful.
  • BUT The dog bit my brother. This is not possible because the dog is the subject of the verb, ‘bite’.

خليجية

الله يعافيكي حيآتي~ منؤوؤورة و مشكورة عالرد أموآه

خليجية

تسلمين لي يا قمر
ع الافادة

التصنيفات
اللغة الانجليزية - اللغة الفرنسية - اللغة الاسبانية - اللغة الصينية

اللغة الانجليزية معنى defining and nondefining clauses

خليجية

defining and nondefining clauses هي عبارة عن أشباه جمل تبدأ بكلمات مثل

who/whom /which/whose
وغيرها وتأتي بعد الاسم لتصفه

اذا كانت defining يعني
محددة ومعرّفة للاسم
فلا يجوز حذفها لأن المعنى يتأثر

مثال
The man is my father

هنا لو قلت
الرجل أبي
هل حددت وعرّفت الرجل الذي أتحدث عنه؟؟؟

الجواب :لا

لكن عندما أقول

The man who standing there is my father

الرجل الذي يقف هناك هو أبي

هنا حدّدت الرجل الذي أتحدث عنه
و هو الذي يقف هناك

فشبه الجملة

who is standing there
نسميها defining clause
لأنها ساعدتني في أن أحدد و أعرّف الرجل الذي أتحدث عنه

ولو حذفتها لأصبح المعنى غامضاً على السامع لذلك
لا يجوز أن أحذفها لأنها تحدد و توضح المعنى

أما ال
nondefining clause

فهي لا تساعدني في تحديد الاسم
وإنما تعطيني معلومات أكثر عنه

مثال
Rabat is the capital of Morocco

الرباط عاصمة المملكالمغرب

هذه جملة واضحة ومحددة

لكن لو قلت

Rabat, which is a big city, is the capital of Morocco
هنا أضفت شبه الجملة
which is a big city
و وضعتها بين فاصلتين لأشير الى عدم أهمية هذه الجملة و التي تعطيني فقط
معلومات إضافية عن الرباط
و هي أنها مدينة كبيرة

ولو حذفت which is a big city
لما تأثر المعنى في ذهن السامع

وباختصار

defining clause

لا يجوز حذفها ولا يجوز وضعها بين فاصلتين

nondefining clause

يجوز حذفها لأنها فقط تعطينا معلومات إضافية عن الاسم
كما أنه يجب أن نضعها بين فاصلتين لنبين عدم أهميتها و جواز حذفها

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

م/ن

التصنيفات
اللغة الانجليزية - اللغة الفرنسية - اللغة الاسبانية - اللغة الصينية

Defining Clauses

Defining Clauses The most common relative pronouns are who/whom, whoever/whomever, whose, that,and which. (Please note that in certain situations, "what," "when," and "where" can — # وصلة ممنوعة 1778 # — as relative pronouns.) Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which are a type of dependent clause. Relative clauses modify a word, phrase, or idea in the main clause. The word, phrase, or idea modified is called the antecedent. In the following examples, thatand whom modify the subject:
The house that Jack built is large.

The professor, whom I respect, recently received tenure.

The type of clause determines what kind of relative pronoun to use. Generally, there are two types of relative clauses: restrictive (defining) clause and non-restrictive (non-defining) clause. In both types of clauses, the relative pronoun can — # وصلة ممنوعة 1778 # — as a subject, an , or a possessive pronoun ("whose").
Relative Pronouns in Restrictive Relative Clauses

Relative pronouns that introduce a restrictive relative clause ARE NOT separated from the main clause by a comma. Restrictive relative clauses (also known as defining relative clauses) add essential information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence’s meaning correctly and cannot be omitted. In other words, without the restrictive relative clause, the sentence does not make sense.
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in restrictive relative clauses:
— # وصلة ممنوعة 1778 # — in
the sentence Reference to People Things / concepts Place Time Explanation Subject who, that which, that (that, who, whom)* (which, that)* where when what/why Possessive whose whose, of which Examples

Relative pronouns used as a subject of a restrictive relative clause:
This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.

It took me a while to get used to people who eat popcorn during the movie.

Relative pronouns used as an in a restrictive relative clause:
1) As can be seen from the table, referring to a person or thing, the relative pronoun may be omitted in the position, but formal English includes the relative pronoun. When the relative pronoun is the of a preposition, which is used instead of that, for example, "in which," "for which," "about which," "through which," etc. (please see the third example below):
Formal English: This is the man to whom I wanted to speak and whose name I had forgotten.
Informal English: This is the man I wanted to speak to and whose name I’d forgotten.

Formal English: The library did not have the book that I wanted.
Informal English: The library didn’t have the book I wanted.

Formal English: This is the house where/in which I lived when I first came to the United States.
Informal English: This is the house I lived in when I first came to the United States.

2) In American English, the word whom is not used very often. "Whom" is more formal than "who" and is very often omitted while speaking:
Grammatically Correct: The woman to whom you have just spoken is my teacher.
Conversational Use: The woman you have just spoken to is my teacher.
OR
The woman who you have just spoken to is my teacher.
However, "whom" may not be omitted if preceded by a preposition because the relative pronoun — # وصلة ممنوعة 1778 # –s as the of the pre
The visitor for whom you were waiting has arrived.

Relative pronouns used as a possessive in a restrictive relative clause:
Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun in English. The antecedent of "whose" can be both people and things:
The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a complimentary suite in a hotel.

The book whose author won a Pulitzer has become a bestseller.

م/ن

xxx

الله يـع’ـــطــيكم الع’ــاأإأفــيه ..
.. بنتظـأإأإأر ج’ـــديــــدكم الممـــيز ..
.. تقــبل ــو م’ـــروري ..
كل أإألــــ ود خليجية وباأإأإقــة ورد خليجية…
خليجية

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